This is the first in a five-part series by SOS and American Rivers spotlighting the ecological and community benefits associated with previously completed dam removal/river restoration projects in the Pacific Northwest and beyond.
Restoring the Rogue River: The removal of Savage Rapids Dam
By Isabella Bledsoe
Location: Southwest Oregon; the ancestral homelands of the Tututni, Tolowa-Dee-ni, Cow Creek Umpqua, and Takelma people.
The Rogue River is located in southwestern Oregon and flows from Mt. Mazama in Crater Lake National Park to the Pacific Ocean at Gold Beach, Oregon. The river provides extensive habitat for Chinook salmon, Coho salmon, steelhead, green sturgeon, cutthroat trout, and Pacific lamprey. Like many rivers across the United States, dams were built on the Rogue River to provide irrigation, hydraulic mining, and electricity and drinking water for nearby towns. Yet, along with these services, dams also frequently fragment river ecosystems and disrupt access by native fishes to their ancestral spawning habitat. In an effort to restore the river system, multiple dams on the Rogue have been removed over the past fifteen years, including the focus of this case: Savage Rapids Dam. So far, dam removal and modification projects have restored and reconnected 157 miles of free-flowing river in the Rogue River basin. According to John DeVoe, executive director of WaterWatch of Oregon, “[i]t is estimated that these dam removal projects will greatly improve salmon and steelhead returns and provide millions of dollars in economic benefits to local communities each year.”
“[t]hese dam removal projects will greatly improve salmon and steelhead returns and provide millions of dollars in economic benefits to local communities each year.” - John DeVoe, WaterWatch of Oregon
Savage Rapids Dam was built in 1921 by the Grants Pass Irrigation District (GPID) to divert water from the Rogue River for irrigation. The dam was 39 feet tall and 465 feet long. From its inception, Savage Rapids Dam created fish passage problems and interrupted salmon migration. In an effort to mitigate these harmful impacts, a fish ladder was built on the dam to allow passage for fish – but the dam’s pump-turbine system and irrigation diversions were installed without fish screens, sweeping juvenile salmon into irrigation canals. According to reports, “one farmer scooped hundreds of salmon out of his fields.” Though screens were later installed, as were other improvements, screening and passage issues remained and unsustainable fish mortality continued.
In 1987, because of large inefficiencies in its irrigation system, GPID applied for expanded water rights that would allow it to withdraw additional water from the river. WaterWatch challenged the proposal to expand water use. A 1990 settlement between WaterWatch, GPID, and Oregon allowed GPID to continue, temporarily, its existing water use, if GPID studied water conservation and fish passage alternatives, including dam removal. At this same time, many organizations began advocating to remove Savage Rapids Dam, viewing it as the only long-term solution for solving fish passage issues. American Rivers named the Rogue to its annual America’s Most Endangered Rivers® list multiple times, because of the threat of outdated dams. In 2001, after years of lengthy legal and political battles, GPID agreed to remove Savage Rapids Dam and replace it with a pumping facility that would allow continued irrigation while at the same time greatly improving conditions for salmon survival and recovery. Bob Hunter, a retired attorney from WaterWatch, emphasizes that “[o]ur many successes so far for the Rogue River and its fish and wildlife populations are the result of persistence, patience, partnerships, and people willing to enforce state and federal environmental laws.”
“Our many successes so far for the Rogue River and its fish and wildlife populations are the result of persistence, patience, partnerships, and people willing to enforce state and federal environmental laws.” - Bob Hunter, retired attorney and river advocate
The dam removal process began in October 2006 and concluded in October 2009.
Benefits of River Restoration on the Rogue
It has now been eleven years and dam removal on the Rogue is showing promising results, though the long-term positive effects of dam removal are still unfolding. Scientists tell us that it could take 20 years before we have definitive results of fish population recovery. That said, current trends are encouraging. In the stretch of river that used to be inundated behind Savage Rapids Dam, 91 redds were counted in 2010 and that number more than doubled just three years later. Further, in 2017, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW), counted 193 Coho Salmon between July and October by seining the waters near Huntley Park. In 2018, ODFW counted 465 Coho between July and October. There are other signs of an ecosystem-in-recovery as well. Researchers from Oregon State University, for example, monitored changes in the macroinvertebrate communities before and after Savage Rapids Dam removal. Macroinvertebrate communities are useful indicators of the ecological recovery trajectory following dam removal. The researchers found that dams created a stronger ecological disturbance to the downstream river than the disturbance created by the pulse of sediments caused by dam removal. While upstream and downstream sites had differing presence and composition of macroinvertebrate communities before dam removal, indicating fragmentation, upstream and downstream sites showed no differences post-dam removal, indicating the natural flow had been restored. Recovery of macroinvertebrate communities occurred within a year following dam removal; this pattern suggests that ecological recovery occurred rapidly once dam removal had finished.
Beyond the ecological benefits, as part of the Savage Rapids Dam removal, a new electric pumping station was built to be operated by GPID. This pumping station, capable of diverting 150 cubic feet of water per second, is more reliable and efficient than the 88-year old, failing diversion system at Savage Rapids Dam. Prior to dam removal, John Thorne, a rancher and orchardist stated, “Most of the time I get water on my days, but there's at least once or twice a month that there's a dry ditch.” He continued, "They had to truck water here to keep that orchard alive; I almost lost it.” The infrastructure investments that accompanied the removal of the Savage Rapids Dam resolved these types of water delivery problems.
What’s next?
Removing dams can create positive economic, community, ecological, and social justice outcomes and has become an increasingly accepted mechanism of river restoration. Bob Hunter emphasizes that "dam removal is one of the most significant types of river restoration that we can do. It allows natural river processes to resume and benefits fish and other aquatic organisms. Its benefits are many and long-lasting."
“Dam removal is one of the most significant types of river restoration that we can do. It allows natural river processes to resume and benefits fish and other aquatic organisms. Its benefits are many and long-lasting" - Bob Hunter
These benefits must prompt us to invest in the future of the Pacific Northwest and support comprehensive solutions including dam removal and realize the values of fish, justice, clean energy, and a revitalized economy.
Appreciation for the hard work by many...
The successes on the Rogue River would not have been possible without the committed work of many groups and individuals including WaterWatch of Oregon, American Rivers, Trout Unlimited, World Wildlife Fund, Earth Justice, Northwest Sportfishing Industry Association, Rogue Group of the Oregon Sierra Club, Oregon Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, Rogue Flyfishers, Oregon Water Resource Department and Commission, Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board, Bureau of Reclamation, National Marine Fisheries Service, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Gov. John Kitzhaber, Grants Pass Irrigation District manager Dan Shepard, and Senator Ron Wyden.
Isabella Bledsoe is an intern with SOS while she attends the University of Michigan's School for Environment and Sustainability, pursuing a master's degree in Environmental Justice and Geospatial Data Sciences.
References
- Arman, F., & Wooldridge, G. (1982). The Rogue: A River To Run. Grants Pass, OR: Wildwood Press.
- Benik, R. D., Hamilton, R., & Redding, J. (2010, February 8). Removing Savage Rapids Dam. Retrieved January 12, 2021, from https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/features/featureremoving-savage-rapids-dam/
- Freeman, M. (2009, April 04). Hope for irrigators. Retrieved January 12, 2021, from https://mailtribune.com/news/since-you-asked/hope-for-irrigators
- Freeman, M. (2013, November 19). There's a redd revival on the Rogue. Retrieved January 12, 2021, from https://waterwatch.org/theres-a-redd-revival-on-the-rogue/
- McDermott, W. D. (2016). The life cycle of dams: An analysis of policy change on the Rogue River, Oregon (Unpublished master's thesis). Central Washington University. Retrieved January 12, 2021, from https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/359
- Native Fish Society. (2018, July 6). Abundant wild fall Chinook salmon in the Rogue show us what's possible. Retrieved January 12, 2021, from https://nativefishsociety.org/news-media/abundant-wild-fall-chinook-salmon-in-the-rogue-show-us-whats-possible
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. (2019). Rogue River Seine Counts at Huntley Park. Retrieved January 27, 2021, from https://www.dfw.state.or.us/fish/fish_counts/rogue_river/index.asp
- Rogue Riverkeeper. (2018). The River. Retrieved January 12, 2021, from https://www.rogueriverkeeper.org/the-river
- Tullos, D. D., Finn, D. S., & Walter, C. (2014). Geomorphic and Ecological Disturbance and Recovery from Two Small Dams and Their Removal. PLoS ONE, 9(9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108091
- WaterWatch. (2020). Rogue Basin. Retrieved January 12, 2021, from
https://waterwatch.org/programs/rogue-basin/ - Weiser, M. (2018, June 26). Salmon Are Booming in Oregon's Rogue River. Dam Removal May Be Why. Retrieved January 12, 2021, from https://deeply.thenewhumanitarian.org/water/articles/2018/06/26/salmon-are-booming-in-oregons-rogue-river-dam-removal-may-be-why
- Whitworth, J. S. (2001). Relic dam dislodged by dormant doctrine: The story of beneficial use and savage rapids dam. University of Denver Water Law Review, 5(1), 183-203.